Acid–Base Titration
Lesson notes
Overview
Add base drop by drop: the pH leaps near the equivalence point where acid and base cancel. This topic is rated intermediate and is number 36 of 110 in Chemistry. Builds on the basics with relationships, methods and trade-offs.
What you are seeing
The panel above shows particles colliding and reacting as conditions change. The animation is drawn live from the model, so everything you see responds to the sliders. Press Space to pause, use Restart to replay from the start, and change the speed to slow down quick events.
In depth
A titration finds the unknown concentration of an acid or base by adding a solution of known concentration, drop by drop, until the reaction is complete at the equivalence point, where the moles of acid equal the moles of base for a 1:1 reaction. The pH changes slowly at first and then leaps near the equivalence point, which an indicator such as phenolphthalein shows by changing colour. The result is calculated from the volumes and the concentration.
Reading the relationship
The expression "n_acid = n_base" is a compact summary of the idea. Then use the sliders to see how changing one quantity changes the others.
A guided exploration
1. Watch the particles with the default conditions and note how often they react. 2. Raise the temperature or concentration and compare. 3. Decide which change speeds the reaction up most, and explain why on the particle level.
Try this
Predict the outcome first, then test extreme slider values to find where the pattern changes or breaks.
Common pitfalls
Keep the particle picture in mind. Mistakes often come from treating a rate, an amount and an equilibrium position as the same thing, or from ignoring units and conditions.
How it connects
It builds on “Bases and Alkalinity”, the topic before it in Chemistry. Once you are comfortable, continue with “Henderson–Hasselbalch Buffer”.
Why it matters
Chemistry links the tiny scale of atoms to the materials, medicines and energy we use every day.
Where you might use it
- Revising “Acid–Base Titration” before a class, exam or certification
- Predicting how fast a reaction runs in a lab or an industrial plant
- Choosing materials, medicines and fuels based on how their atoms bond and react
- Reading the labels and data sheets of cleaning products, batteries and food
Frequently asked questions
What is Acid–Base Titration?
Add base drop by drop: the pH leaps near the equivalence point where acid and base cancel. It is an intermediate topic in Chemistry.
How do I use the Acid–Base Titration simulation?
The panel at the top shows particles colliding and reacting as conditions change. Move the sliders one at a time, then press Space to pause the animation and look closer.
What does the formula mean?
The expression n_acid = n_base packs the idea into symbols. Name each symbol first, then change one quantity with the sliders and see which others respond.
Who is this topic for?
Builds on the basics with relationships, methods and trade-offs. If the quiz feels hard, reread the lesson notes and try the previous topic first.
What should I learn before this?
Start with “Bases and Alkalinity”, the previous topic in Chemistry. Each topic in a subject builds on the ones before it.
How do I track my progress?
Press “Mark as learned” on this page. Progress is stored only in this browser and is never sent anywhere. The Browse page can show topics you have learned or still need to learn.